common.pageHeaderLogo.altText6741a48d5e9ca

Artykuły

Nr 1(24) (2023): New Sociology of Leadership

The Leadership Roles of the “Man of Knowledge”: Navigating Polaritites and Polarisations in Polish Academia

Przesłane
24 September 2024
Opublikowane
26-09-2024

Abstrakt

This paper has three objectives. First, it seeks to reestablish Florian Znaniecki as the founding father of the sociology of leadership by emphasising his enduring relevance in this field. Second, it aims to revive Znaniecki’s theory of social persons and highlight his innovative contributions to the broader theory of social roles. Last but not least, it endeavours to apply this theory to the unique challenges faced by academic leaders in Poland. To articulate and operationalise the concealed, dynamic, and creative logic inherent in Znaniecki’s theory, this paper draws on Barry Johnson’s polarity-thinking paradigm with its signature methodological tool, the so-called polarity map. Through an in-depth analysis of 36 interviews with academic leaders in Poland, the present study reveals the individualised approaches and strategies these leaders employ in navigating the polarities in Polish academia. Znaniecki’s theory allows four principal polarities in the experiences of Polish academic leaders to be identified: (a) the fundamental intra-person strain between social roles and the Self, which splits into two sub-tensions, that is, (b) the intra-Self strain between the reflected and reconstructed Self, and (c) the intra-role strain between social function and social position, which in turn entails also (d) the moral strain between moral obligations and moral rights. The management of these strains can result in either detrimental polarisations, leading to the deconstruction of the social person, social role, and Self, or the nurturing of creative polarities, fostering the development of a more creative and adaptive social person, social role, and Self.

Bibliografia

  1. Bakker A.B., Costa P.L. 2014. “Chronic Job Burnout and Daily Functioning: A Theoretical Analysis,” Burnout Research, vol. 1, pp. 112–119.
  2. Bakker A.B., Demerouti E. 2017. “Job Demands–Resources Theory: Taking Stock and Looking Forward,” Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, vol. 22, pp. 273–285.
  3. Bakker A.B., Vries J. de. 2019. “Job Demands–Resources Theory and Self-Regulation: New Explanations and Remedies for Job Burnout,” Anxiety, Stress & Coping, vol. 34, pp. 1–21, https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2020.1797695.
  4. Bakker A.B., Wang Y. 2020. “Self-Undermining Behavior at Work: Evidence of Construct and Predictive Validity,” International Journal of Stress Management, vol. 27, pp. 241–251.
  5. Bednarz-Łuczewska P. 2013. Work and Family Roles in the Lives of Large-Family Professional Women in Poland and Germany, Frodo.
  6. Bennett A., Elman C. 2006. “Qualitative Research: Recent Development in Case Study Methods,” Annual Review of Political Science, vol. 9, pp. 455–476.
  7. Biddle B.J. 1986. “Recent Developments in Role Theory,” Annual Review of Sociolog y, vol. 12, pp. 67–92.
  8. Biddle B.J. 1979. Role Theory: Expectations, Identities and Behaviors, Academic Press.
  9. Biddle B.J., Thomas E.J. 1966. Role Theory: Concepts and Research, John Wiley & Sons.
  10. Bloom, A. 2008. Closing of the American Mind, Simon and Schuster.
  11. Boardman C., Bozeman B. 2007. “Role Strain in University Research Centers,” The Journal of Higher Education, vol. 78, pp. 430–463.
  12. Briggs A., Reiss M.J. 2021. Human Flourishing: Scientific Insight and Spiritual Wisdom in Uncertain Times, Oxford University Press.
  13. Chmielewski A. 2009. “Florian Znaniecki’s Sociology of Knowledge,” Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa, vol. 45, pp. 223–231.
  14. Cooley C.H. 1918. Social Process, Scribner’s
  15. Creary S.J., Gordon J.R. 2016. “Role Conflict, Role Overload, and Role Strain,” Encyclopedia of Family Studies, pp. 1–6, https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119085621.wbefs012.
  16. Demerouti E., Bakker A., Nachreiner F., Schaufeli W.B. 2001. “The Job Demands–Resources Model of Burnout,” Journal of Applied Psychology, vol. 86, pp. 499–512.
  17. Eyal G., Buchholz L. 2010. “From the Sociology of Intellectuals to the Sociology of Interventions,” Annual Review of Sociolog y, vol. 36, pp. 117–137.
  18. Fuller S. 2000. The Governance of Science: Ideolog y and the Future of the Open Society. Issues in Society, Open University Press.
  19. Fuller S. 2016. The Academic Caesar: University Leadership Is Hard, SAGE.
  20. Fuller S. 2023. Back to the University’s Future: The Second Coming of Humboldt, Springer.
  21. Goode W.J. 1960. “A Theory of Role Strain,”American Sociological Review, vol. 25, pp. 483–496.
  22. Gouldner A.W. 1958. “Cosmopolitans and Locals: Toward an Analysis of Latent Social Roles. II,” Administrative Science Quarterly, vol. 2, pp. 444–480.
  23. Hagan S., Palmgren C. 1999. Chicken Conspiracy: Breaking the Cycle of Personal Stress & Organizational Mediocrity, Recovery Communications.
  24. Haidt J. 2017. “The Age of Outrage: What the Current Political Climate Is Doing to Our Country and Our Universities,” City Journal, https://www.city-journal.org/article/the-age-of-outrage, accessed: 10.11.2023.
  25. Haidt J., Lukianoff G. 2018. The Coddling of the American Mind: How Good Intentions and Bad Ideas Are Setting Up a Generation for Failure, Penguin.
  26. Hecht L.M. 2001. “Role Conflict and Role Overload: Different Concepts, Different Consequences,” Sociological Inquiry, vol. 71, pp. 111–121.
  27. Hobfoll S.E. 1989. “Conservation of Resources: A New Attempt at Conceptualizing Stress,” American Psychologist, vol. 44, pp. 513–524.
  28. Hoenig B. 2017. Europe’s New Scientific Elite: Social Mechanisms of Science in the European Research Area, Taylor & Francis.
  29. Holcombe E.M., Elrod S., Ramaley J.A., Kezar A.J., eds. 2022. Shared Leadership in Higher Education. A Framework and Models for Responding to a Changing World, Routledge.
  30. Hoyt C.L., Price T.L., 2015. “Ethical Decision Making and Leadership: Merging Social Role and Self-Construal Perspectives,” Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 126, pp. 531–539.
  31. Hoyt C.L., Price T.L., Poatsy L. 2013. “The Social Role Theory of Unethical Leadership,” The Leadership Quarterly, vol. 24, pp. 712–723.
  32. Jackson J. 2011. “Contemporary Criticisms of Role Theory,” Journal of Occupational Science, vol. 5, pp. 49–55.
  33. Jakubczak F. 1966. “Subiektywizm i obiektywizm w socjologii,” Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny, vol. 28, pp. 251–269.
  34. Jałowiecki B., Gorzelak G.J. 2007. “Brain Drain, Brain Gain, and Mobility: Theories and Prospective Methods,” Higher Education in Europe, vol. 29, pp. 299–308.
  35. Jemielniak D., Greenwood D.J. 2015. “Wake Up or Perish: Neo-Liberalism, the Social Sciences, and Salvaging the Public University,” Cultural Studies – Critical Methodologies, vol. 15, 72-82, https://doi.org/10.1177/1532708613516430.
  36. Johnson B. 1992. Polarity Management: Identifying and Managing Unsolvable Problems, HRD Press.
  37. Johnson B. 2020. And: Making a Difference by Leveraging Polarity, Paradox or Dilemma, vol. 1: Foundations, HRD Press.
  38. Jones M.L. 1993. “Role Conflict: Cause of Burnout or Energizer?,” Social Work, vol. 38, pp. 136–141.
  39. Kahn R.L., Wolfe D.M., Quinn R.P., Snoek J.D., Rosenthal R.A. 1964. Organizational Stress: Studies in Role Conflict and Ambiguity, John Wiley.
  40. Karkkola P., Kuittinen M., Hintsa T. 2019. “Role Clarity, Role Conflict, and Vitality at Work: The Role of the Basic Needs,” Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, vol. 60, pp. 456–463.
  41. Kelly R.F., Voydanoff P. 1985. “Work/Family Role Strain among Employed Parents,” Family Relations, vol. 34, pp. 367–374.
  42. Kennedy M.D. 2020. Globalizing Knowledge: Intellectuals, Universities, and Publics in Transformation, Stanford University Press.
  43. Kezar A.J., Carducci R., Contreras-McGavin M. 2006. Rethinking the “L” Word in Higher Education: The Revolution of Research on Leadership, Wiley Periodicals.
  44. King L.A., King D.W. 1990. “Role Conflict and Role Ambiguity: A Critical Assessment of Construct Validity,” Psychological Bulletin, vol. 107, pp. 48–64.
  45. Kociatkiewicz J., Kostera M., Zueva A. 2022. “The Ghost of Capitalism: A Guide to Seeing, Naming and Exorcising the Spectre Haunting the Business School,” Management Learning, vol. 53, pp. 310–330.
  46. Kolasa-Nowak A. 2022. “Polish Social Sciences in Global Academia: Tomasz Zarycki, ‘The Polish Elite and Language Sciences: A Perspective of Global Historical Sociology,’” Stan Rzeczy, vol. 2(23), pp. 357–361, https://doi.org/10.51196/srz.23.22.
  47. Kowalik Z., Lewandowski P., Kaczmarczyk P. 2022. Job Quality Gaps between Migrant and Native Gig Workers: Evidence from Poland, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA).
  48. Kurzman C., Owens L. 2002. “The Sociology of Intellectuals,” Annual Review of Sociology, vol. 28, pp. 63–90.
  49. Lekka-Kowalik A. 2021. “Akademicka nauka przemysłowa i jej normy,” Filozofia i Nauka, vol. 9, pp. 29–48.
  50. Łuczewski M. 2023. “Florian Znaniecki’s Methodology for the Relational Paradigm: The Application of Analytic Induction to Nationalism Studies,” [in:] Methodology of Relational Sociology, ed. E. Hałas, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 171–192, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-41626-2_8.
  51. Łuczewski M., Kennedy M., Giza-Poleszczuk A. 2021. “Czy można być szczęśliwym profesorem?,” Stan Rzecz y, vol. 1(20), pp. 263–282, https://doi.org/10.51196/srz.20.14.
  52. Marks S.R., MacDermid S.M. 1996. “Multiple Roles and the Self: A Theory of Role Balance,” Journal of Marriage and Family, vol. 58, pp. 417–432.
  53. Matthews R.A., Winkel D.E., Wayne J.H. 2014. “A Longitudinal Examination of Role Overload and Work–Family Conflict: The Mediating Role of Interdomain Transitions,” Journal of Organizational Behavior, vol. 35(1), pp. 72–91.
  54. Merton R.K. 1973. “The Normative Structure of Science,” [in:] The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations, ed. R.K. Merton, University of Chicago Press, pp. 267–278.
  55. Neiman L.J., Hughes J.W. 1951. “The Problem of the Concept of Role – A Re-Survey of the Literature,” Social Forces, vol. 30, pp. 141–149.
  56. Nussbaum M. 1997. Cultivating Humanity: A Classical Defense of Reform in Liberal Education, Harvard University Press.
  57. Piotrowski J. 1976. “Zagadnienie roli społecznej w systemie socjologicznym Floriana Znanieckiego,” Przegląd Socjologiczny, vol. 28, pp. 99–109.
  58. Raffel S. 1999. “Revisiting Role Theory: Roles and the Problem of the Self,” Sociological Research Online, vol. 4, pp. 113–124.
  59. Raftery D., Valiulis M. 2008. “Gender Balance/Gender Bias: Issues in Education Research,” Gender and Education, vol. 20, pp. 303–307.
  60. Revers M., Traunmüller R. 2020. “Is Free Speech in Danger on University Campus? Some Preliminary Evidence from a Most Likely Case,” KZfSS Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie, vol. 72(3), pp. 471–497.
  61. Sales S.M. 1970. “Some Effects of Role Overload and Role Underload,” Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, vol. 5, pp. 592–608.
  62. Seligman M. 2002. Authentic Happiness: Using the New Positive Psychology to Realize Your Potential for Lasting Fulfilment, Nicholas Brealey Publishing.
  63. Seligman M. 2011. Flourish: A Visionary New Understanding of Happiness and Well-Being, Free Press.
  64. Seligman M., Railton P., Baumeister R.F., Sripada C. 2016. Homo Prospectus, Oxford University Press.
  65. Sieber S.D. 1974. “Toward a Theory of Role Accumulation,” American Sociological Review, vol. 39, pp. 567–578.
  66. Snoek J.D. 1966. “Role Strain in Diversified Role Sets,” American Journal of Sociolog y, vol. 71, pp. 363–372.
  67. Stouffer S.A., Jackson T. 1951. “Role Conflict and Personality,” American Journal of Sociolog y, vol. 56, pp. 395–406.
  68. Szacki J. 1984. “Wstęp,” [in:] F. Znaniecki, Społeczne role uczonych, PWN, pp. vii–xxii.
  69. Szacki J. 2002. Historia myśl socjologicznej. Wydanie nowe, PWN.
  70. Tims M., Bakker A.B., Derks D. 2012. “Development and Validation of the Job Crafting Scale,” Journal of Vocational Behavior, vol. 80, pp. 173–186.
  71. Tummers L.G., Bakker A.B. 2021. “Leadership and Job Demands–Resources Theory: A Systematic Review,” Frontiers in Psychology, vol. 12, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.722080.
  72. Turner S.P., Chubin D.E. 2020. “The Changing Temptations of Science,” Issues in Science and Technolog y, vol. 36(3), pp. 40–46.
  73. Tworzecki H. 2019. “Poland: A Case of Top-Down Polarization,” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol. 681(1), pp. 97-119, https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716218809322.
  74. Van Sell M., Brief A.P., Schuler R.S. 1981. “Role Conflict and Role Ambiguity: Integration of the Literature and Directions for Future Research,” Human Relations, vol. 34(1), pp. 43–71, https://doi.org/10.1177/001872678103400104.
  75. Van Wingerden J., Derks D., Bakker A.B. 2015. “The Impact of Personal Resources and Job Crafting Interventions on Work Engagement and Performance,” Human Resource Management, vol. 56, pp. 51–67, https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21758.
  76. Warczok T., Zarycki T. 2016. Gra peryferyjna. Polska politologia w globalnym polu nauk społecznych, Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar.
  77. Wierzchosławski R.P. 2016a. “Florian Znaniecki, Alfred Schutz, Milieu Analysis and Experts Studies,” [in:] Life-World, Intersubjectivity, and Culture: Contemporary Dilemmas, eds. E. Hałas, R. Heiskala, Peter Lang, pp. 245–262.
  78. Wierzchosławski R.P. 2016b. “Floriana Znanieckiego ‘Społeczne role uczonych’ w kontekście współczesnego naukoznawstwa i socjologii wiedzy naukowej,” Humaniora. Czasopismo internetowe, vol. 13, pp. 111–130.
  79. Wierzchosławski R.P. 2017. “Naukowcy w roli ekspertów: o pewnych problemach (re-) prezentacji prawdy w polityce,” Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa, vol. 53(2), pp. 207–232.
  80. Wilson A.E., Parker V.A., Feinberg M. 2020. “Polarization in the Contemporary Political and Media Landscape,” Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, vol. 34, pp. 223–228.
  81. Wrzesniewski A., Dutton J.E. 2001. “Crafting a Job: Revisioning Employees as Active Crafters of Their Work,” Academy of Management Review, vol. 26, pp. 179–201.
  82. Zarycki T. 2009. Ku socjologicznej analizie dyskursu elit peryferyjnych, Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar.
  83. Zarycki T. 2022. “On the Different Criteria of Global and Local Success for Scholars in Peripheral Social Sciences,” Stan Rzeczy, vol. 2(23), pp. 363–369, https://doi.org/10.51196/srz.23.23.
  84. Ziman J. 1994. Prometheus Bound: Science in a Dynamic Steady State, Cambridge University Press.
  85. Ziman J. 1995. Of One Mind: The Collectivization of Science, AIP Press.
  86. Zipp J.F., Fenwick R. 2006. “Is the Academy a Liberal Hegemony? The Political Orientations and Educational Values of Professors,” Public Opinion Quarterly, vol. 70, pp. 304–326.
  87. Znaniecka-Lopata H. 2006. “Gender and Social Roles,” [in:] Handbook of the Sociology of Gender, ed. J.S. Chafetz, Springer, pp. 229–244.
  88. Znaniecki F. 1925. The Laws of Social Psychology, University of Chicago Press.
  89. Znaniecki F. 1934. The Method of Sociology, Octagon Books.
  90. Znaniecki F. 1935. Ludzie teraźniejsi i cywilizacja przyszłości, Książnica Atlas.
  91. Znaniecki F. 1936. Social Actions, Farrar & Rinehart.
  92. Znaniecki F. 1940. The Social Role of the Man of Knowledge, Columbia University Press.
  93. Znaniecki F. 1965. Social Relations and Social Roles: The Unfinished Systematic Sociology, Chandler Publishing Company.
  94. Znaniecki F. 1987. “Myśl i rzeczywistość” i inne pisma filozoficzne, Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe.
  95. Znaniecki F. 1988. Wstęp do socjologii, Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe.
  96. Znaniecki F. 1998. Education and Social Change, Internationaler Verlag Der Wissenschaften.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Podobne artykuły

41-50 z 184

Możesz również Rozpocznij zaawansowane wyszukiwanie podobieństw dla tego artykułu.